New research from Zhejiang University could reshape the future of robotics and wearable technology by enabling self-powered soft robots that generate power solely from ambient motion.
Inspired by the lymphatic system, this innovation relies on a soft, flexible pump that mimics the crucial part of the human body that circulates fluid without relying on a single central pump. Our bodies use this distributed network of vessels and one-way valves to support a range of everyday activities, including walking and breathing.
“We wanted to address one of the biggest limitations in soft robotics today: the dependence on heavy, rigid power systems,” said Professor Wei Tang, a lead author of the study, in a statement. “Our goal was to create a pump that is soft, lightweight, and capable of operating autonomously, just like biological tissues.”
Future Space and Sea Missions
The team’s research is important because it addresses one of the most significant limitations in robotics and wearables: the need for heavy batteries or external power sources. Mimicking the human lymphatic system allows the creation of robotic systems that can flow autonomously.
Such technologies could lead to wearable smart gloves that regulate temperature and circulation when a person moves, as well as robots that can perform tasks in hazardous environments, such as deep-sea exploration or even outer space.
The Design
Using low-cost 3D printing techniques, the team created pumps in various shapes and sizes, making them customizable for a wide range of applications, from medical devices to remote robotics. This led to the development of the soft fiber pump (SFP), a slender, highly flexible device that can bend, twist, and stretch in various ways.
Two designs were developed from the research: a high-performance version that uses spiral electrodes to boost pumping capabilities, and a durable version with parallel electrodes inspired by the human lymphatic vessels. Both designs offer flexibility and strength in environments where traditional pumps would fail.
What makes the technology different from others before is its built-in ability to generate its own power. The researchers integrated a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) (a device that converts mechanical motion into electricity) directly into the pump system. When in rotation or motion (such as wind, water flow, or human movement), the TENG provides all the energy the pump needs.
“This turns everyday motion into a power source,” said Professor Jun Zou, co-lead of the project. “It moves us closer to machines that power themselves, without batteries or external electrical systems.”
To showcase the pump’s true potential, the team built several functional prototypes, including artificial muscles capable of lifting weights to mimic a lifelike robotic movement. This, in addition to microfluidic control systems to enhance lab-on-a-chip diagnostic devices, and a temperature-regulating smart glove that uses the pump to circulate fluid and adjust temperature comfort.
“By fusing biological inspiration with advanced materials and energy harvesting,” said Tang, “we’re creating systems that are not just functional—but genuinely alive with autonomy.”
The study “Lymphatic-Inspired and TENG-Powered Soft Fiber Pumps for Soft Robots” was published in SmartBot.
Chrissy Newton is a PR professional and the founder of VOCAB Communications. She currently appears on The Discovery Channel and Max and hosts the Rebelliously Curious podcast, which can be found on YouTube and on all audio podcast streaming platforms. Follow her on X: @ChrissyNewton, Instagram: @BeingChrissyNewton, and chrissynewton.com.