This ‘Ancient’ Spacecraft Keeps Defying Death—But How Much Longer Will Its Extended Mission Last?

Micah Hanks·

Voyager 2

Welcome to this edition of The Intelligence Brief… This week, NASA engineers successfully extended the operational life of the iconic Voyager 2 spacecraft through a carefully orchestrated power-saving procedure, raising new hopes that the legendary probe may continue exploring interstellar space well into the 2030s. In our analysis, we’ll examine 1) how engineers carried out the ambitious “Big Bang” operation to conserve the spacecraft’s dwindling power supply, 2) why Voyager’s aging radioisotope power system presents an ever-growing challenge, 3) how NASA hopes to keep both Voyager probes returning valuable scientific data decades after their original missions ended, and 4) what the remarkable longevity of the twin spacecraft reveals about one of the most successful engineering achievements in the history of space exploration.

Quote of the Week  

“Voyager revolutionized our conception of the solar system. After almost 400 years, it transformed the astronomical objects observed by Galileo into true ‘worlds’.”

– Dr. Michael Bland, USGS Research Space Scientist

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RECENT NEWS from The Debrief

An Ancient Spacecraft Undergoes a Long-Distance Operation

This week, engineering teams at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory succeeded in once again extending the lifespan of one of the space agency’s most iconic spacecraft.

Power systems have reportedly now been freed up on Voyager 2, allowing the famous space probe, which is now making its way through interstellar space, to continue sending valuable scientific data back to Earth with help from NASA’s Deep Space Network.

The largest and most sensitive telecommunications network in the entire solar system, for several decades now, the Deep Space Network has enabled Voyager 2 and its twin, Voyager 1, to relay science data about our planetary neighborhood back to Earth.

Launched on August 20, 1977, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, Voyager 2 is truly ancient by the standards of modern space exploration. The probe blasted off on its cosmic mission 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, to account for specific orbital path needs.

While both spacecraft completed their official planetary flyby missions decades ago, each has overcome seemingly impossible odds in recent years and has managed to continue dispatching science data from the furthest points in the cosmos any human-built spacecraft has ever reached.

But how much longer will Voyager’s ongoing extended mission really be able to last?

A Big Bang in Interstellar Space

Recently, to free up power on Voyager 2, JPL engineers engaged in an effort dubbed the “Big Bang,” which involved simultaneous shutdowns of some of the devices on board the spacecraft and reallocating lower-power alternatives.

One of the key hurdles with this operation involves making sure Voyager 2 remains warm enough to function properly, since current power systems combined with its tremendous distance from the Sun keep the aging spacecraft’s core and instrument bays at a frosty 38.5°F—temperatures that are already dangerously close to the freezing point.

Dwindling Power Systems

The primary source of power aboard both Voyagers is their radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which generate heat using decaying plutonium, which is thereby converted into electricity. Every year, an average of four watts of power is lost as the plutonium supplies of each spacecraft continue to deplete.

Still, while their power stores are perilously close to zero, both remain online nearly a half-century after their launches in the late 1970s.

Over the last several years, several science instruments on each of the spacecraft have been disabled to help preserve power. According to NASA, the recent “Big Bang” operation helped prevent the shutdown of another instrument on Voyager 2 before the end of the year.

“The savings should provide power to keep its three instruments operating for at least an extra year,” read a NASA statement issued this week. JPL engineers also plan to perform the same operation on Voyager 1, which is currently even farther away than Voyager 2.

Voyager’s Path to the 2030s

The Voyager team hopes these measures will extend the spacecraft’s operational lifetimes into the 2030s, allowing them to continue returning valuable scientific data for years to come, provided they remain in contact with NASA’s Deep Space Network.

The spacecraft have already “far surpassed their original mission of exploring the outer planets,” said Patrick Koehn, Voyager program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington, in a statement last year.

“Every bit of additional data we have gathered since then is not only valuable bonus science for heliophysics but also a testament to the exemplary engineering that has gone into the Voyagers — starting nearly 50 years ago and continuing to this day,” Koehn added.

Launched more than 46 years ago, the twin Voyager I and II probes represent the longest-running missions in NASA history, as well as the farthest spacecraft ever to have travelled from Earth.

During their missions, both Voyager spacecraft visited Jupiter and Saturn, and Voyager II also flew by Uranus and Neptune. Now, with the successful implementation of the “Big Bang” procedure on Voyager 2, which is soon to be undertaken with its farther distant twin spacecraft in the months ahead, the two iconic spacecraft will at very least be secured for continuous operations through the end of the year, and with a bit of luck, on into the 2030s.

That concludes this week’s installment of The Intelligence Brief. You can read past editions of our newsletter at our website, or if you found this installment online, don’t forget to subscribe and get future email editions from us here. Also, if you have a tip or other information you’d like to send along directly to me, you can email me at micah [@] thedebrief [dot] org, or reach me on X: @MicahHanks.

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