A hummingbird, a beetle, and a human may inhabit the same moment, but according to new research, each species experiences that moment unfolding in a fundamentally different way.
While scientists have traditionally measured animal time perception using simple metrics like flicker detection, a new study argues that such approaches capture only a fraction of how creatures experience reality. Instead, the researchers propose that every species inhabits its own unique “timescape,” shaped by biological processes that govern how sensory information is assembled, updated, remembered, and interpreted.
Understanding these distinct temporal worlds, they say, could provide new insights into animal behavior, consciousness, and the evolution of perception itself.
Quantifying the Experience of Time
Jakob von Uexküll, an early 20th-century German zoologist, developed the idea that different animals experience reality in their own unique bubble, dictated by their biology’s unique combination of sensory inputs and processing. From the German word for “environment” or “surroundings,” he called the unique sensory experience of each animal an “Umwelt.”
In previous work, the critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), which measures the Hz at which a creature perceives a flickering light as steady and continuous, was used as the sole metric to quantify how animals perceive visual content over time, but the researchers say this is far too shallow a standard.
CFFTs occur in a broad range of frequencies between 4 and 500 Hz, which the researchers say could give a false impression of the rate at which experiences flow for other creatures. The authors note that “Even in humans, CFFTs are uninformative about the temporal regularities over which our perceptual mechanisms anticipate, organize, revise, or attend to perceptual inputs.”
The issue, they say, is that CFFTs only measure retinal sensitivity, not how a creature cognitively experiences timescales. This can lead to the false assumption that certain animals perceive time more rapidly than others, but that may be incorrect without accounting for the full cognitive picture.
A More Complete View
Looking beyond CFFTs alone, the team identified five Umwelts to understand the biological elements of animal experience, which include: synchronization, revision, attention, persistence, and stability. They define synchronization as how an animal puts together the pieces of a single moment, revision as how perception is updated with fresh input, attention as how long focus remains on a single thing, persistence as how long content remains after a stimulus offset, and stability as how long it takes for perception to switch.
The researchers note that various studies have shown that single species display remarkably different performance measurements across these tasks, suggesting that, rather than relying on a single metric, such as CFFTs, to define how granularly an animal perceives time, different species exhibit distinct temporal experience organizations.
According to the team, temporal illusions are important for understanding how these elements vary in different species. By understanding where perception of time goes astray between input and recognition, researchers can gain a better idea of the processes the animal uses to construct its perception of time.
Time’s Illusions
These types of sensory illusions typically occur within a 100-450 millisecond time range in humans, such as apparent motion. When an object moves relative to the eye in such a brief time, it can appear to move even when it is stationary, an experience common to both vertebrate and invertebrate species. These illusions also occur in the auditory systems and the tactile systems that interpret an animal’s nervous system signals.
The researchers say that these Umwelts could be the root of understanding the phenomenology of time perception in animals. By better understanding these metrics, researchers could develop models of how they relate to one another and possibly even uncover aspects of temporal experience that don’t exist in humans.
Altogether, the researchers say their work can be used to explore consciousness from empirical, theoretical, and philosophical perspectives, and can also contribute to ecology by helping us better understand animals and their relationships to their environment, as well as the predator/prey relationship.
Additionally, a better understanding of these temporal experiences could inform infrastructure design, such as reducing avian collisions with wind turbines by increasing blade visibility to various bird species.
The paper, “Timescapes of Non-Human Experience,” appeared in Trends in Cognitive Sciences on June 17, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.